Globalization and immigration drummed up lots of interest during the presidential election, but healthcare may be the bigger issue facing America. In 2016, healthcare spending totaled $3.35 trillion. That’s over $10,000 per capita. Of the total spending, government accounted for 29%, households for 28%. and businesses for 20%.
Since 2001, health insurance costs have shot up 114%. The average premium for a family now exceeds $18k per year. That’s up $1,300 since 2014. For most people, an employer covers a large share of plan costs. Still, the burden for households is growing.
The rise of deductibles (or the amount the insured must pay before coverage kicks-in) has outpaced that of health care itself. Today, 51% of Americans have deductibles above $1,000—a 49% surge since 2014. No wonder medical bills are the top cause of bankruptcy.
From 2007–2014, middle-income households’ spending on health care increased by 25%. In the same period, spending on all other basic needs (like food and clothing) fell. With an uptick in economic growth expected in 2017, the fever in healthcare costs looks likely to pick up pace. However, this is just a symptom of larger problems facing America.
For almost four decades, healthcare costs have grown faster than wages. A major culprit behind wage stagnation has been the ballooning cost of non-wage compensation, which includes benefits like health care. Since 1979, real wages have grown a measly 2.7%, while health care rocketed 10-fold and total employee compensation rose 63%.
Healthcare costs have inflated, in part, from a lack of competition… and it’s set to get worse. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) forces insurers to accept patients regardless of medical history or risk profile, and that is a big reason insurers are pulling out of markets. In 2017, one-third of all US counties will have only one insurer. Which leads us to the next issue… excessive regulation.
The Code of Federal Regulations—the codex of all Federal rules and regulations—has bloated eight-fold over the past 55 years. The fallout? Since 1970, the number of doctors has barely doubled while the ranks of “administrative employees” have shot up 3000%.
Excessive regulation has also caused increased costs for insurers. Currently, just 10% of patients account for two-thirds of insurers costs while 50% of patients account for only 3%. Yet, the ACA limits the variance insurers can charge riskier patients. To offset the cap, everyone’s premiums have spiked.
Another problem is America’s aging population. In 2000, the number of Americans over the age of 65 was 35 million. In 2030, it will be around 72 million. Generally, the older you are, the bigger the health risk you carry. With more elderly people entering the system and inflating premiums, young people are less willing to sign up because of the expense.
With these trends in motion, the risk pool will soon be filled with costly patients. Clearly, an insurance system cannot function when this happens. With quick fixes unlikely, what risks does this pose to ordinary Americans?
A recent survey from The Kaiser Foundation found that 63% of respondents had used most or all their savings just to pay medical bills. The average family now spends 35% of its disposable income on health care. Here’s a real-life example taken from a Health Affairs study.
A family of four living in Roanoke, Virginia, with an income of $60,000 in 2016 would have a premium payment of $4,980 for the year for the second lowest-cost silver plan. That plan has a $5,000 deductible. That means the family could spend almost one-sixth of their pre-tax income on health costs before they received any insurance payment.
This family has another option. They can opt out of coverage and pay a penalty tax of around $725. In 2015, about 7.5 million Americans took this option… a telling number. The rising costs of coverage have hit the middle-class hard. Most Americans earn too much money to qualify for subsidies, but not enough to absorb the higher premiums.
With insurance premiums set to rise another 22% in 2017, even more people will be forced to opt out. Ascending healthcare costs have eroded the finances of many Americans, but opting out is a risky move. Given that 52% of families have less than $1,000 in savings, a minor injury can mean serious trouble for a family.
While you might think $1,000 will go far, if you have to go to the ER today, a single stitch costs around $500.
For those in the system, appointment waiting times are growing, while the scope of coverage shrinks. Long lines at the supermarket are annoying, but in healthcare, they can be fatal.
While private costs are growing, public spending has headed skyward. Currently, health care accounts for 17% of GDP and is expected to hit 25% by 2030. Clearly, something has to give… either services will be cut, or taxes will rise.
Soaring costs are also affecting the labor market. Affordable Care Act mandates that are due to take effect in 2017 will force firms with over 50 employees to provide all full-time staff with health care. This will discourage firms from hiring staff and expanding operations.
All of us will pass through the healthcare net at some stage in our life, so how can we lessen some of the risks?
President-elect Trump said he would reform healthcare laws to allow insurers to provide interstate coverage, which would increase competition. He also said he will rid the system of excessive regulation.
Both actions should lower costs and boost quality. However, passing structural reforms (like repealing the Affordable Care Act) will be much harder. Although the ACA hasn’t been a success, it has handed 20 million people health insurance. Its repeal will be a huge challenge.
As a result of the failing system, medical tourism has become a popular alternative for Americans over the past decade. Yet, not everyone can afford to pay for major procedures up-front—even in low-cost countries. That’s why international health insurance policies have also become an attractive way to pay for such care.
At Riskhedge, we understand that the healthcare system has become a grave threat to all Americans. That’s why we will be providing you with in-depth information on how to best manage it in the near future.
On that note, I’ll leave it there for this week. I hope all of you are having an excellent start to 2017.
Stephen McBride
Chief Analyst, RiskHedge